Hülegü Han'ın Hayatı ve Faaliyetleri

Tez Türkçe 12. yy× 13. yy× Tarih× Orta Asya× Orta Doğu× Moğol× Anadolu×

Künye:

Yazarlar:

Arş.Gör. Burak Çelik Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Beşeri Bilimler Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü / Ortaçağ Tarihi ABD

Ekle

Danışmanlar:

Mustafa AKKUŞ Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Beşeri Bilimler Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü / Ortaçağ Tarihi ABD

Ekle

Yayın Yılı:

2021

Yayın Yeri:

Seviye:

MASTER

Kurum:

Bölüm:

İçerik Dosyası:

Web adresi:

http://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp

Operatör:

Burak Çelik

Güncelleyen:

Suvd Erdene Otgonbaatar

Özet:

Hülegü, Cengiz Han'ın torunu, Toluy ve Sorkaktani Beki'nin üçüncü oğlu olarak Moğolistan'da 1217 yılında doğmuştur. Onun aynı anneden Mengü, Kubilay ve Arık Buka adlı üç kardeşi beş üvey annesinden ise on kardeşi olmuştur. Hülegü'nün hayatının ilk dönemleriyle ilgili çok az bilgi bulunmaktadır. 1224-1225 yıllarında Cengiz Han'a sunduğu ilk avından 1251 kurultayına değin kaynaklarda ismi hiç zikredilmemiştir. Ağabeyi Mengü Han'ın tahta geçmesi onun hayatındaki en önemli dönüm noktası olmuştur. Zira Mengü, onu İran'a diğer kardeşi Kubilay'ı da Çin'e Moğol hakimiyeti bu bölgelerde hâkim kılmakla görevlendirmiştir. Hülegü'nün, Mengü Han emriyle başladığı batı seferindeki ilk görevi yüzyıllardır İran ve çevresinde gerçekleştirdikleri terör olayları ile burada kaos yaratan Nizârî İsmâilîler fırkasının ortadan kaldırılması olmuş bu iş 1256-1257 yıllarında tamamlanmıştır. Bâtınîleri ortadan kaldırarak her dinden ve zümreden takdiri üzerinde toplayan Hülegü Han, bu aşamadan itibaren halifelik meselesine yönelmiştir. 1257-1258 yıllarında buraya topyekûn bir sefer yapmayı hedefleyen Hülegü, bu amaçla Bağdat önlerine kadar gelmiş ve şehri her taraftan çepeçevre kuşatmıştır. Hülegü Han, şehri ele geçirdikten sonra burada tarihin en kanlı katliamlarından birini gerçekleştirmiştir. Fakat yüzyıllar boyu manevî açıdan İslam Âleminin kalbi sayılan Abbâsî Halifeliğini büyük bir katliam ile sona erdirmesi, Müslümanların nefretini üzerinde toplamış, zaten bölgeye gelişiyle kendisine karşı siyasi cepheye bir de din bağlamı eklemlenmiştir. Orta Doğu, Suriye ve Azerbaycan bölgelerinde merkezden aldığı emirler doğrultusunda Memlükler ve Altın Orda Devletleri ile mücadele eden Hülegü Han, anılan devletlere karşı net bir şekilde üstünlük kuramasa da İran'da kurmuş olduğu siyasi düzeni muhafaza etmiştir. Hülegü Han, İran, Azerbaycan, Orta Doğu ve Anadolu bölgelerinde siyasi, iktisadi ve sosyal çehreyi bütünüyle değiştirmiş, ölürken ardında büyük bir siyasi yapılanma bırakmıştır. Tarihin en tartışmalı karakterlerinden biri olması bağlamında Hülegü Han'ın hayatını bütün yönleriyle ele almak için büyük gayret sarf ettik. Bilhassa onun hayatını ne şekilde ele alacağımız konusu büyük önem teşkil etti. Bu kapsamda tezimizi onun ilk başta ailesi olmak üzere faaliyetleri ve kurduğu devletin temel nitelikleri anlattığımız üç bölümde anlatmayı hedefledik. Bu çerçeve ile ilk bölümümüzde çağdaş Moğol tarihçiliğinin pek değinmediği ailesi ve gençlik yılları konusunu detaylı bir şekilde ele aldık. İkinci bölümde Hülegü Han'ın 1253 batı seferi boyunca İran, Orta Doğu, Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Suriye'de gerçekleştirdiği faaliyetler kronolojik açıdan aktarmaya çalıştık. Üçüncü bölümde ise Hülegü Han'ın şahsiyeti ve dini kimliği açıklanarak politikalarına etkisi anlatılırken, teşkil edilen İlhanlı Devleti'nin idarî, siyasî, askerî ve malî çehresi çizilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Hulegu was born in Mongolia in 1217 as the grandson of Genghis Khan and the third son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki. He had three siblings named Möngke, Kublai and Arık Buqa from the same mother and ten siblings from five stepmothers. There is very little information about the early periods of Hulegu's life. His name was never mentioned in the sources from the first hunt he presented to Genghis Khan in 1224-1225 until the 1251 khurultai. The accession of his elder brother Möngke Khan to the throne was the most important turning point in his life. Because Möngke commissioned him to dominate Iran and his other brother, Kublai, to make Mongolian domination in China in these regions. The first task of Hulegu in the western expedition, which he started with the order of Möngke Khan, was the elimination of the Nizari Ismailis group, which created chaos in Iran and its surroundings for centuries, and this work was completed in 1256-1257. Hulegu Khan, who abolished the esoterics and gathered appreciation from all religions and groups, turned to the issue of caliphate from this stage on. Hulegu, who aimed to make a total expedition here in 1257-1258, came as far as Baghdad for this purpose and surrounded the city from all sides. After Hulegu Khan captured the city, he carried out one of the bloodiest massacres in history here. However, the fact that the Abbasid Caliphate, which was considered the heart of the Islamic World for centuries, ended with a great massacre, attracted the hatred of Muslims, and with his arrival in the region, a religious context was added to the political front against him. Hulegu Khan, who struggled with the Mamluks and the Golden Horde States in the Middle East, Syria and Azerbaijan regions in line with the orders he received from the center, preserved the political order he had established in Iran, although he could not establish a clear superiority against the aforementioned states. Hulegu Khan completely changed the political, economic and social aspects of Iran, Azerbaijan, the Middle East and Anatolia, and left a great political structure behind when he died. In the context of being one of the most controversial characters in history, we made great efforts to deal with all aspects of Hulegu Khan's life. In particular, the issue of how we would deal with his life was of great importance. In this context, we aimed to explain our thesis in three parts, in which we describe his family, his activities and the basic characteristics of the state he founded. With this framework, in our first chapter, we discussed in detail the family and youth years, which contemporary Mongolian historiography does not deal with. In the second part, we tried to convey the activities carried out by Hulegu Khan in Iran, the Middle East, Anatolia, Azerbaijan and Syria during the 1253 West Campaign in chronological terms. In the third chapter, Hulegu Khan's personality and religious identity are explained and his effects on his policies are explained, and the administrative, political, military and financial aspects of the Ilkhanate State are tried to be drawn.

Hulegu was born in Mongolia in 1217 as the grandson of Genghis Khan and the third son of Tolui and Sorghaghtani Beki. He had three siblings named Möngke, Kublai and Arık Buqa from the same mother and ten siblings from five stepmothers. There is very little information about the early periods of Hulegu's life. His name was never mentioned in the sources from the first hunt he presented to Genghis Khan in 1224-1225 until the 1251 khurultai. The accession of his elder brother Möngke Khan to the throne was the most important turning point in his life. Because Möngke commissioned him to dominate Iran and his other brother, Kublai, to make Mongolian domination in China in these regions. The first task of Hulegu in the western expedition, which he started with the order of Möngke Khan, was the elimination of the Nizari Ismailis group, which created chaos in Iran and its surroundings for centuries, and this work was completed in 1256-1257. Hulegu Khan, who abolished the esoterics and gathered appreciation from all religions and groups, turned to the issue of caliphate from this stage on. Hulegu, who aimed to make a total expedition here in 1257-1258, came as far as Baghdad for this purpose and surrounded the city from all sides. After Hulegu Khan captured the city, he carried out one of the bloodiest massacres in history here. However, the fact that the Abbasid Caliphate, which was considered the heart of the Islamic World for centuries, ended with a great massacre, attracted the hatred of Muslims, and with his arrival in the region, a religious context was added to the political front against him. Hulegu Khan, who struggled with the Mamluks and the Golden Horde States in the Middle East, Syria and Azerbaijan regions in line with the orders he received from the center, preserved the political order he had established in Iran, although he could not establish a clear superiority against the aforementioned states. Hulegu Khan completely changed the political, economic and social aspects of Iran, Azerbaijan, the Middle East and Anatolia, and left a great political structure behind when he died. In the context of being one of the most controversial characters in history, we made great efforts to deal with all aspects of Hulegu Khan's life. In particular, the issue of how we would deal with his life was of great importance. In this context, we aimed to explain our thesis in three parts, in which we describe his family, his activities and the basic characteristics of the state he founded. With this framework, in our first chapter, we discussed in detail the family and youth years, which contemporary Mongolian historiography does not deal with. In the second part, we tried to convey the activities carried out by Hulegu Khan in Iran, the Middle East, Anatolia, Azerbaijan and Syria during the 1253 West Campaign in chronological terms. In the third chapter, Hulegu Khan's personality and religious identity are explained and his effects on his policies are explained, and the administrative, political, military and financial aspects of the Ilkhanate State are tried to be drawn.

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